Sensory processing refers to the way someone takes in sensory information from the environment, such as from touch, sound, smell, sight, and taste. The brain processes and interprets these stimuli which creates a particular emotional and behavioral response. The response may be over–responsive or under–responsive. Over–responsiveness demonstrates itself in many ways including hands covering the ears and having avoidant behavior as a result of being overly sensitive to stimuli. This can cause distress, thus leading to unwanted behaviors. Under–responsiveness, or requiring more sensory input to recognize sensations, presents itself as high energy and a lack of awareness of body position.
Under–responsiveness can cause risks as a child may be slow to recognize dangers such as high or low temperature. It may also cause clumsiness or a lack of awareness when they need to use the restroom.
Occupational therapists can do many things to help children who express sensory processing difficulties. One thing they can do is work with the child on identifying and implementing coping strategies for times of distress. This can include taking deep breaths, taking breaks, and going somewhere with dimmer lighting. Additionally, an OT can implement a sensory diet.
This is a schedule of specific activities and environmental modifications that are personalized to the child. It is designed to provide a routine to give sensory input throughout the day to help with arousal levels, self regulation, and behavior. Furthermore, to aid in under- reactivity, OTs work on engaging children in playful activities that provide stimulation such as crashing on a crash pad, using sensory bins and fidget toys, and providing deep pressure to muscles.
Alex DiSanto Walsh University OT/s